What is a Peptic Ulcer?
A peptic ulcer is an open sore that develops in the inner lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) due to excessive acid production and weakened mucosal defense. These ulcers can cause pain, bleeding, and serious complications if left untreated.

Types of Peptic Ulcers

  • Gastric Ulcer – Develops in the stomach lining.

  • Duodenal Ulcer – Forms in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).

Causes of Peptic Ulcers

Peptic ulcers occur when the protective mucus lining of the stomach or intestine is compromised, allowing stomach acid to damage the tissues. Common causes include:

  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Infection – A bacterial infection that weakens the stomach lining, leading to ulcers.

  • Excessive Use of NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) – Medications like aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen can erode the stomach lining.

  • Excess Stomach Acid Production – Due to conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or stress.

  • Smoking and Alcohol Consumption – Can increase acid production and delay healing.

  • Spicy and Acidic Foods – May worsen symptoms but do not directly cause ulcers.

Symptoms of Peptic Ulcer

Symptoms vary based on the severity and location of the ulcer. Common signs include:

  • Burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen (often worse at night or between meals).

  • Bloating and excessive burping.

  • Nausea or vomiting.

  • Dark, tarry stools (a sign of bleeding ulcer).

  • Unexplained weight loss.

  • Loss of appetite.

Complications of Peptic Ulcers

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can lead to severe complications, including:

  • Gastrointestinal Bleeding – Internal bleeding can cause anemia or require emergency treatment.

  • Perforation – A hole in the stomach or intestine lining, leading to infection (peritonitis).

  • Gastric Outlet Obstruction – Swelling and scarring can block food passage, causing vomiting and weight loss.

Diagnosis of Peptic Ulcers

Dr. Nadeem Parvez uses advanced diagnostic techniques to confirm the presence of ulcers and determine their cause:

  • Upper GI Endoscopy (EGD) – A thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the stomach to visualize ulcers and take biopsies if needed.

  • H. pylori Testing – Blood, stool, or breath tests to detect H. pylori infection.

  • Barium Swallow X-ray – A contrast X-ray to identify ulcers and abnormalities.

  • Stool Occult Blood Test – To check for hidden bleeding in the digestive tract.

Treatment Options for Peptic Ulcers

Treatment aims to heal the ulcer, relieve symptoms, and prevent recurrence.

Medications

  • Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) – Reduce stomach acid production to allow ulcer healing.

  • H2-Receptor Blockers – Lower acid levels and protect the stomach lining.

  • Antibiotic Therapy – To eradicate H. pylori infection.

  • Antacids – Provide temporary symptom relief.

  • Cytoprotective Agents – Medications like sucralfate coat the ulcer to promote healing.

Endoscopic and Surgical Interventions

  • Endoscopic Therapy – In cases of bleeding ulcers, endoscopy can help cauterize the bleeding site.

  • Surgery (Rare Cases) – Needed for severe complications like perforation or obstruction.

Lifestyle and Dietary Recommendations

  • Avoid NSAIDs or take them with protective medications.

  • Eat a balanced diet rich in fiber and probiotics.

  • Reduce spicy, acidic, and caffeinated foods.

  • Quit smoking and alcohol to prevent further damage.

  • Manage stress with relaxation techniques.